本来英语的各种常见语法在高中就已经学习的差不多了,然而大学阶段由于使用机会减少以及原来的笔记本找不到了, 所以只能再学一次了. 本文记载了我还能记得名字的语法规则,包括基础的各种时态,语态介绍,各种从句规则,非谓语动词以及伴随状语,虚拟语气,强调句等, 至于我连名字都不记得的语法规则, 大概以后也用不上了.

目录

基础知识

时态介绍

英语一共有16种时态,其中可以分成两组,每组有4个元素,每组任意取一个元素可以组成一个时态. 所有的组合如下表所示

时态 一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时
现在 do is doing hava done hava been doing
过去 did was doing had done had been doing
将来 shall do will be doing will have done will hava been doing
过去将来 shuold do should be doing should have done would have been doing

及物动词与不及物动词

在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语, 可以把动词分成两种: 及物动词(transitive verb,vt)与不及物动词(intransitive verb,vi). 及物动词可以直接跟上宾语,不及物动词必须加上介词后才能跟上宾语. 附带地,由于不及物动词不接宾语,因此这些词也不能用于被动语态

由于词汇本身是否为及物动词并没有规律, 因此在学习词汇的时候注意看字典上的标注. vi表示不及物动词,其中的i是否定前缀.

被动语态

通常情况下,被动语态只需要将原来的动词do替换成be done. be的时态变成原来do的时态. 例如

时态 主动 被动
一般现在时 do is done
一般过去时 did was done
现在完成时 hava done hava been done

其他的时态下的主动和被动转化可以查阅上面的时态表

人称主格宾格所有格

主格 宾格 所有格 形容性物主代词 名词性物主代词
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

第三人称单数与名词复数变化规则

最近复习的时候才发现原来这两种情况是不一样的. 不过规则基本一样,具体如下表所示

动词变化规则 例词
一般情况下+s stop-stops
以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es teach-teaches
以o结尾的动词+es go-goes
以辅音字母 + y结尾的, 改y为i加es study-studies

名词变化规则与动词基本相同,仅仅对于以o结尾的词有所区别,且对于f和fe结尾的词有特殊的处理.

名词变化规则 例词
一般情况词尾加s mouth-mouths
以s、 x、 ch、 sh结尾+es class-classes
以 o 结尾的词,有生命的加es, 无生命的加s hero-heroes photo-photos
以辅音字母+y结尾的, 改y为i加es city-cities monkey-monkeys
以f, fe结尾的改f或fe为v加es leaf-leaves knife-knives

注意: 除了元音就是辅音,所以对于需要改y为i,再加es的词实际上是容易判断的.

单复数变化也存在不规则的情况,不过这些词汇大部分我们已经非常熟悉, 例如

  • Chinese-Chinese
  • sheep- sheep
  • deer- deer
  • fish-fish
  • foot-feet
  • tooth- teeth
  • man- men
  • woman- women
  • mouse- mice

动词过去式过去分词规则

变化规则 例词
一般情况词尾加ed work-worked
以不发音的-e结尾动词,动词词尾加d move-moved
以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,把y改成i,加ed copy-copid study-studied
重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加ed stop-stopped

当然,实际情况中,不规则的动词使用的更多, 完整的不规则动词表可见百度百科 不规则动词表词条. 由于重读闭音节的判定规则比较复杂,因此不在深入讨论. 可以将此规则中的词汇连同不规则动词表一同记忆

副词位置规则

  1. 多数副词都可以放在动词的后面,如果动词带有宾语,副词就放在宾语后面
    1
    2
    I get up early in the morning everyday. 
    We can go to this school freely.
  2. 副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面
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    2
    It's rather easy, I can do it. 
     He did it quite well.
  3. 频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面
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    I often help him these days. 
    You mustn't always help me.
  4. 疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面
    1
    2
    When do you study everyday?
    Slowly it evolved into the most grand lantern festival among the Chinese people.
  5. 时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面,时间副词在后面
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    We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday. 
    What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
  6. 否定副词在句首, 句子要倒装
    1
    Never have I felt so excited!

主语从句

连接词

主语从句, 即在复杂句中充当主语成分的句子. 常见的连接词有以下三类

  • 从属连词：that whether
  • 连接代词：who whoever whom whose what whatever which whichever
  • 连接副词：when where how why

从属连词用来引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素. 所谓从属是和并列连词对应,从属连词表示引导的句子与主句是从属关系. 使用that时通常无意义,使用whether时通常表示是否的含义. 例如

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That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.

连接代词依据在从句中充当的不同部分使用不同的代词,例如代替人且做主语时使用who, 代替人且做宾语时使用whom, 代替物的时使用waht. 例如

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Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.
What caused the accident remains unknown.
What we need is time.

连接副词也引导一个从句,而且通常保留引导词本身的疑问含义,例如

1
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced

时态规则

  • 主句为一般时,从句时态不受限制
  • 主句过去时,从句使用相应的过去时态
  • 客观真理始终使用一般时,不受任何规则约束

注意: 上述规则对其他类型的从句也是有效的. 此外主语从句通常视为第三人称单数,但在主谓一致规则下存在例外情况. 具体规则可以参考主谓一致章节

形式主句

有时为了避免主语太长,使用it替代主语,将主语放在句子的末尾. 例如

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It is certain that he will win the match.
It is strange that he should do that.

从句子结构来说,仅仅是将从句移动到尾部而已,有关的连词使用规则完全不变.

定语从句

一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后（先行词）进行修饰限定, 就叫做定语从句. 被修饰的词称为先行词.

连接词

  • 关系代词 who whom whose that which
  • 关系副词 when where why

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或者物的名词或者代词, 并且在从句中充当主语,宾语或者定语.

关系代词代替人

关系代词中 who whom that 可以用来代替人,例如

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Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

关系代词代替物

关系代词中 which that 可以用来代替物,例如

1
The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped

关系代词做定语

关系代词中whose用来代替人或者物,且从句只做定语. 当whose指物时,可以与 of which 替换,例如

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They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.

关系副词

关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于 “介词+ which” 结构, 因此常常和 “介词+ which” 结构交替使用, 例如

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There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

关系代词与关系副词的区别

判断先行词在从句中的成分,如果是主语,定语或者时宾语时,使用关系代词,如果是状语,则使用关系副词.
如果无法判断是否为状语, 则可以判断从句是否缺少主语或者宾语或者定语,如果缺乏,则说明从句中先行词充当了缺少的成分, 应该使用关系代词,否则根据排除法,说明从句从当状语, 此时使用关系副词.

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Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 
This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

第一句中,单独看从句I was born. 这是一个完整的句子, 先行词不充当主语,定语或者宾语的成分, 因此使用关系副词.

第二句中 I visited last year. 缺少宾语的, 先行词充当从句的宾语成分, 因此使用关系代词.

综合来看,判断的关键就是一个动词是及物动词还是非及物动词. 而这一点就只能靠平时学习词汇的积累了.

只能使用that的情况

从上述分析可以知道,所有情况下,几乎都是可以使用that, 并且以下六种情况只能使用that.

  1. 不定代词 anything, nothing, everything,all,much,few,any,little为先行词时
  2. 先行词为 the only, the very, the just时
  3. 先行词为序数词, 数词, 形容词或最高级时
  4. 先行词既有人又有物时
  5. 当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句时,为避免重复而用that
  6. 关系代词作表语时 
    1
    He is not the man that he used to be.

因此在多数情况下,对于定语从句都可以直接使用that. 但是以下三种情况不能使用that

  1. 介词前置
  2. 非限定性定语从句
  3. 先行词本身是that

此外,在代指人的时候,多用who系列的词汇,而不使用that.

非限定定语从句

限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用, 使该词的含义更具体, 更明确. 限制性定语从句不能被省略, 否则句意就不完整. 非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用, 缺少也不会影响全句的理解. 在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开. 

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The house,which I bought has a lovely garden.
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

单复数规则

  1. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时, 从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致
  2. 非限定性定语从句将整个主句作为先行词,其进行修饰时,从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数
  3. 非限定性定语从句在从句中不能做主语(此时应该使用限定性定语从句)

状语从句

英语中的状语用于说明地点, 时间, 原因, 目的, 结果, 条件, 方向, 程度, 方式和伴随状况等. 一般状语可以由副词, 介词短语, 非谓语动词和从句构成. 在本节中介绍介词短语作状语和状语从句, 在非谓语动词章节介绍非谓语动词作状语.

九种状语从句

英语种的状语从句可以分为九种, 以下依次介绍这九种状语从句和相关的引导词. 由于状语的结构比较随意, 因此熟悉这些引导词有利于英语中长句的拆分和理解.

1. 表事件

  • 常用引导词:
    • when（在…时）, as（当…时）, while（在…期间）
    • as soon as（一……就……）, before（在…之前）, after（在…之后）
    • since（自从…以来） , not…until（直到…才）until/till(直到…时
  • 特殊引导词：
    • the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant（ 瞬间, 顷刻）
    • immediately , directly（不久, 立即）,
    • no sooner … than（一…就…）, hardly …when（刚一…就…）, scarcely … when（刚…就…/一…就…）
  • 当用no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when作为引导词的时候, 从句要部分倒装
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When you're ready to start unloading some of your stuff, that list will be a good place to start.
I chose the house for my home as soon as I saw it.
All thing are difficult before they are easy.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

2. 表地点

  • 常用引导词：where
  • 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
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Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Cross the stream where it is shallowest(谚语, 渡溪当自浅处过)
Wherever you go, you should work hard.

3. 表原因

  • 常用引导词：because, since, as,
  • 特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.
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My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

4. 表结果

  • 常用引导词：so … that, such … that,
  • 特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that
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The wind was so strong that she could hardly move forward.
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.

5. 表目的

  • 常用引导词：so that, in order that
  • 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
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2
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake(我告诉你这一点, 以免你搞错)

注意: 由for引导的是一个并列句, 不是原因状语从句, 但有表原因的意思, 是并列连词

6. 表条件

  • 常用引导词：if, unless,whether(whether…or not)
  • 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case（美语中表条件, 英语中表目的）, on condition that
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If I were you, I'd go to night school. (表虚拟)
You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

7. 表方式

  • 常用引导词：as, as if, how
  • 特殊引导词：the way
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When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
She behaved as if she were the boss. (表虚拟)
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

8. 表比较

  • 常用引导词：
    • as … as (同级比较)
    • more … than(比较级)
    • the (most) … (最高级)
  • 特殊引导词：
    • the more … the more … ; just as …, so…
    • A is to B what/as X is to Y
    • no … more than; not so much A as B
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She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
This book is much more interesting than that one.
This street is the most busiest one in out city.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine.

9. 表让步

  • 常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
  • 特殊引导词：
    • as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装), while ( 一般用在句首 )
    • no matter …, in spite of the fact that
    • whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
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The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won’t listen whatever you may say.

状语从句时态规则

一般情况下, 使用一般现在时表示一般将来时, 使用现在完成时表示将来完成时, 例如

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I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 
As soon as I have finished this work, I will have gone home.

非谓语动词

非谓语动词, 又叫非限定动词. 非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词, 主要包括不定式, 动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）. 非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外, 可以承担句子的其他成分, 例如定语或者状语.

非谓语动词做定语

使用非谓语动词做定语时,需要注意两个方面

  1. 非谓语动词和先行词的时间关系
  2. 语态时主动还是被动

通常而言, 表示将来使用不定式,表示同时发生(或者一种持续的状态)使用现在分词. 主动使用现在分词, 被动使用过去分词. 各种情况使用的非谓语动词形式如下表所示

时间\逻辑关系 主动 被动
与谓语同时发生 doing being done
在谓语之前 done
将来 to do to be done 
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Things lost never come again.
The houses being built are for teachers.

The car to be brougt is for my sister.
He is the man to do this job.

非谓语动词做状语

和状语从句可以分成九种情况一样, 非谓语动词也大概分成几种不同的情况. 由于语法上状语更加随意, 因此非谓语动词做状语的情况也需要加强记忆.

不定时作状语

  1. 表目的
    He worked day and night to get the money.
  2. 表原因
    I am glad to hear that you are mush better now.
  3. 表结果
    The police searched the whole room only to find nothing.

分词

分词做状语的时候, 主动使用现在分词, 被动使用过去分词. 例如

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The dog entered the room, following his master.
The master entered the romt, followed by his dog.
Hearing the bad news, they couldn't help crying.

分词做状语,相当于一个状语从句.

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Hearing the bad news, they couldn't help crying. = as soon as/the moment they heard the bad news, they couldn't help crying.
Being so angry,he couldn't go to sleep.          = because he was so angry,he couldn't go to sleep.
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.   = He dropped the glass, so it broke into pieces.

参考文献

最后更新： 2024年04月29日 20:00

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